Preface xxxi Acknowledgements xxxii What is pragmatics? 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Defining pragmatics 1.3 From abstract meaning to contextual meaning 1.3.1 Assigning sense in context 1.3.2 Assigning reference in context 1.3.3 Structural ambiguity 1.3.4 Interaction of sense, reference and structure 1.3.5 Ambiguity and intentionality 1.4 Utterance meaning: the first level of speaker meaning 1.4.1 Importance of utterance meaning 1.5 Force: the second level of speaker meaning