Why are we subject to irrational beliefs, inaccurate memories,
even war? We can thank evolution, Marcus says, which can only
tinker with structures that already exist, rather than create new
ones: Natural selection... tends to favor genes that have immediate
advantages rather than long-term value. Marcus (The Birth of the
Mind), director of NYU's Infant Language Learning Center,
refers to this as kluge, a term engineers use to refer to a
clumsily designed solution to a problem. Thus, memory developed in
our prehominid ancestry to respond with immediacy, rather than
accuracy; one result is erroneous eyewitness testimony in
courtrooms. In describing the results of studies of human
perception, cognition and beliefs, Marcus encapsulates how the mind
is contaminated by emotions, moods, desires, goals, and simple
self-interest.... The mind's fragility, he says, is demonstrated by
mental illness, which seems to have no adaptive purpose. In a
concluding chapter, Marcus offers a baker's dozen of suggestions
for getting around the brain's flaws and achieving true wisdom.
While some are self-evident, others could be helpful, such as
Whenever possible, consider alternate hypotheses and Don't just set
goals. Make contingency plans. Using evolutionary psychology,
Marcus educates the reader about mental flaws in a succinct, often
enjoyable way. (Publishers Weekly )A university
psychology professor who periodically writes for mass media,
Marcus here punctures the high regard humanity has for its
species-distinctive qualities. Whether it’s memory, rationality,
language, or free will, our noble human traits are hopelessly
entangled with our baser drives, which have survived the
dynamics of evolution. Blending discussion of experiments from
cognitive psychology with speculation about why people are far less
logical than they believe, Marcus latches onto the term kluge,
which comes from the engineering world and is jargon for
a fix that ain’t perfect but good enough. It’s a productive figure
of speech for Marcus’ argument that deliberative thinking probably
had an evolutionary advantage (save seeds to plant next season),
but seems in permanent conflict with reflexive impulses having more
ancient evolutionary advantage (eat seeds now). Carrying the point
across a gamut of behaviors, from money to mental
illnesses to talking, Marcus develops his idea of the klugelike
mind, in which emotion perpetually besieges the intellect,
with appealing clarity. --(Booklist - Gilber Taylor
)