牙科正畸学最新进展（英文版）

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版次：1
页数：
字数：
印刷时间：2014年09月18日
开本：16开
纸张：
包装：平装
是否套装：否
国际标准书号ISBN：9787030399410
作者:沈刚出版社:科学出版社出版时间:2014年09月

目　　录

CONTENTS

PREFACE
CHAPTER Ⅰ DEFINITION AND ETIOLOGIES OF MALOCCLUSION 001
PART Ⅰ DEFINITION OF MALOCCLUSION 001
PART Ⅱ ETIOLOGIES OF MALOCCLUSION 001
1.1 Hereditary In.uences 001
1.2 Environmental In.uences 002
REFERENCES 005
CHAPTER Ⅱ ANALYSIS OF ORTHODONTIC RECORDS 007
PART Ⅰ CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS 007
1.1 Two Types of Cephalometric Radiograph 007
1.2 Application of Cephalometrics 008
1.3 Posture of Cephalograph 008

CONTENTS 
 
PREFACE 
CHAPTER Ⅰ DEFINITION AND ETIOLOGIES OF MALOCCLUSION 	001 
PART Ⅰ DEFINITION OF MALOCCLUSION 001 
PART Ⅱ ETIOLOGIES OF MALOCCLUSION 001 
1.1 Hereditary In.uences 001 
1.2 Environmental In.uences 002 
REFERENCES 005 
CHAPTER Ⅱ ANALYSIS OF ORTHODONTIC RECORDS 	007 
PART Ⅰ CEPHALOMETRIC ANALYSIS 007 
1.1 Two Types of Cephalometric Radiograph 007 
1.2 Application of Cephalometrics 008 
1.3 Posture of Cephalograph 008 
1.4 Lateral Cephalometric Radiographic Evaluation 008 
1.5 Posteroanterior Cephalometric Radiographic Evaluation 012 
1.6 Limitation of Cephalometrics 014 
PART Ⅱ CBCT ANALYSIS 014 
2.1 CBCT Compares with Traditional CT 014 
2.2 Application of CBCT 015 
PART Ⅲ MODEL DIGITAL ANALYSIS 016 
3.1 Space Analysis 017 
3.2 Arch Symmetry 017 
3.3 Curve of Spee 017 
3.4 Bolton Snalysis 017 
3.5 Digital Diagnostic Setup 017 
REFERENCES 019 
CHAPTER Ⅲ CLASSIFICATIONS OF MALOCCLUSIONS 	021 
PART Ⅰ ANGLE’S CLASSIFICATION 021 
PART Ⅱ MAO’S CLASSIFICATION 022 
2.1 Class Ⅰ- Tooth Size-jaw Size Discrepancies 022 
2.2 Class Ⅱ- Sagittal Discrepancy 023 
2.3 Class Ⅲ-Transverse Discrepancy 025 
2.4 Class Ⅳ-Vertical Discrepancy 025 
2.5 Class Ⅴ-Malposition of Individual Teeth (Fig. 3-14) 026 
2.6 Class Ⅵ 026 
REFERENCES 027 
CHAPTER Ⅳ THE BIOMECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES 	028 
PART Ⅰ INTRODUCTION-BASAL BONE, ALVEOLAR BONE AND FACIAL GROWTH 028 
1.1 Basal Bone Growth 028 
1.2 Craniofacial Growth 029 
1.3 Alveolar Bone Growth 029 
1.4 Facial Growth 030 
PART Ⅱ THEORIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF ORTHODONTIC TOOTH MOVEMENT 030 
2.1 Biochemical Aspects of Orthodontic Tooth Movement 031 
2.2 Cellular And Molecular Changes in Orthodontic Tooth Movement 031 
2.3 Effects of Orthodontic Tooth Movement on Alveolar Bone Density 032 
2.4 Effects of Force Distribution And Types of Tooth Movement 032 
2.5 How Do Teeth Move Orthodontically? 033 
PART Ⅲ THEORIES CONCERNING THE MECHANISM OF BONE REMODELING 033 
3.1 Regulation of Bone Remodeling 033 
3.2 Mechanically Induced Strain 033 
3.3 Alveolar Bone Remodeling in Response to Strain 034 
3.4 Coupling of Bone Resorption And Formation 034 
REFERENCES 034 
CHAPTER Ⅴ FIXED APPLIANCE THERAPY 	035 
PART Ⅰ DEVELOPMENT OF EDGEWISE APPLIANCE 035 
1.1 Three Designs of Angle’s Precedented Edgewise Appliance 035 
1.2 The Edgewise Appliance 036 
1.3 The Band 036 
1.4 Auxiliary Attachments 036 
PART Ⅱ THE CURRENT ADVANCES IN STRAIGHT WIRE APPLIANCES 037 
2.1 The Principle of Straight Wire Appliance Technology 037 
2.2 Roth’s Work 037 
2.3 Other Modern Preadjusted Appliance Systems 037 
2.4 Computer-assisted Design of Customized Preadjusted Appliance 038 
PART Ⅲ SELF-LIGATING APPLIANCES 038 
3.1 Categories 038 
3.2 Cons And Pros of Sel.igating Brackets 039 
3.3 Clinical Application 039 
PART Ⅳ BRACKET PLACEMENT 039 
4.1 Prophylaxis 039 
4.2 Enamel Surface Preparation 039 
4.3 Bracket Positioning 040 
PART Ⅴ ARCHWIRES 040 
5.1 Archwire Materials 040 
5.2 Archwire Size And Shape 041 
5.3 Archwire Sequence 041 
PART Ⅵ CROWDING RELIEF, LEVELING AND FINAL DETAILING 042 6.1 Initial Alignment And Leveling 042 
6.2 Correction of Molar Relationship And Overjet 043 
6.3 Final Detailing 044 
REFERENCES 045 
CHAPTER Ⅵ ORTHOPEDIC THERAPY 	046 
PART Ⅰ CLASS I CORRECTIONS: MAXILLARY EXPANSION 046 
1.1 Timing of Maxillary Expansion 047 
1.2 Indication 047 
1.3 Treatment Alternatives of Maxillary Expansion 047 
1.4 Types of Maxillary Expander 049 
1.5 Maxillary Expansion Followed by Extraction 051 
1.6 Retention And Relapse 051 
PART Ⅱ CLASS Ⅱ CORRECTIONS: BITE JUMPING AND HIGH PULL HEAD-GEAR 051 
2.1 Activator 052 
2.2 Bionator 052 
2.3 Frankel Function Regulator 052 
2.4 Twin Block 053 
2.6 High-Pull Headgear 055 
PART Ⅲ CLASS Ⅲ CORRECTION: REVERSE PULL HEADGEAR AND CHIN-CAP THERAPY 056 
3.1 Indication And Timing for Class Ⅲ Correction 056 
3.2 Reverse Pull Headgear (RPHG) 056 
3.3 Chin-cap Therapy 057 
REFERENCES 058 
CHAPTER Ⅶ SKELETAL ANCHORAGE 	060 
PART Ⅰ TYPES AND PROPERTIES 061 
1.1 The Alloy or Metal Used for Their Fabrication 061 
1.2 The Length And Diameter of Thread Portion 061 
1.3 The Design of the Thread Body And Head 061 
PART Ⅱ CLINICAL PROCEDURES OF IMPLANT INSERTION 061 
2.1 In.ltration Anesthesia 061 
2.2 Drilling 061 
2.3 Driving 061 
2.4 Microimplant Removal 061 
PA RT Ⅲ CLINICAL SPECIAL CONSIDERATION 062 
3.1 Insertion Method 062 
3.2 Selection of MIA Sites 062 
3.3 Direction of Implant Insertion 064 
3.4 Loading And Anchorage Considerations 064 
PART Ⅳ CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 064 
PART Ⅴ COMPLICATIONS 065 
5.1 In.ammation And Infection 065 
5.2 Injury to Adjacent Structures 065 
5.3 Failure 065 
5.4 Fracture 065 
PART Ⅵ CONCLUSIONS 065 
REFERENCES 066 
CHAPTER Ⅷ ORTHODONTIC ADJUNCTION WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES 	067 
PART Ⅰ ORTHODONTIC-ENDODONTIC CONSIDERATIONS 067 
1.1 Does Orthodontic Tooth Movement Impact on the Viability of the Dental Pulp? 068 
1.2 Will Endodontically Treated Teeth Move And Are They at Greater Risk of Root Re-sorption When Compared with Teeth of Vital Pulps? 068 
1.3 What Role Does Previous Tooth Trauma Play in the Orthodontic Tooth Movement of Teeth with Vital Pulps or Previous Root Canal Treatment? 069 
1.4 Orthodontics to Aid Endodontic Treatment 069 
PART Ⅱ ORTHODONTIC-PERIODONTAL CONSIDERATIONS 069 
2.1 Periodontal Surgery for the Orthodontic Patient 070 
PART Ⅲ ORTHODONTIC-RESTORATIVE CONSIDERATIONS 071 
REFERENCES 073 
CHAPTER Ⅸ ORTHODONTICS WITH ALVEOLAR AND ORTHOGNATHIC SUR-GERY 	074 
PART Ⅰ ALVEOLAR SURGICALLY ACCELERATED ORTHODONTICS 074 
1.1 History And Development 074 
1.2 Contemporary Clinical Techniques 075 
1.3 Techniques of PAOO 075 
1.4 Orthodontic Protocol 076 
1.5 Advantages And Disadvantages 076 
PART Ⅱ SURGICALLY ASSISTED ORTHOPEDICS 076 
2.1 Indication for Distraction of the Jaws 077 
2.2 Lengthening the Hypoplastic Mandible 077 
2.3 Lengthening the Hypoplastic Maxilla 077 
2.4 Widening the Maxilla: SARME 077 
2.5 Widening the Narrow Mandible 077 
PART Ⅲ INTEGRAL COLLABORATION WITH ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY 079 
3.1 Indications for Orthognathic Surgery 079 
3.2 The Sequence of Orthognathic-orthodontics Treatment 079 
3.3 Case Presentation 080 
REFERENCES 082 
CHAPTER Ⅹ TREATMENTAL MECHANISM APPLICATIONS IN ORTHODONTIC CLINIC AND CASE REPORTS 	083 
PART Ⅰ CASE 1 CLASS I TREATED WITH EXTRACTION 083 
1.1 Case Summary 083 
1.2 Section 1 Pre-treatment Assessment 084 
1.3 Section 2 Treatment 087 
1.4 Section 3 Post-treatment Assessment 088 
1.5 Section 4 093 
PART Ⅱ CASE 2 CLASS Ⅱ TREATED WITH ORTHOPAEDIC APPLIANCE 093 
2.1 Case Summary 093 
2.2 Section 1 Pre-treatment Assessment 093 
2.3 Section 2 Treatment 096 
2.4 Section 3 Post-treatment Assessment 098 
2.5 Section 4 101 
PART Ⅲ CASE 3 CLASS Ⅲ PATIENT WITH CAMOUFLAGE TREATMENT 101 
3.1 Case Summary 101 
3.2 Section 1 Pre-treatment Assessment 102 
3.3 Section 2 Treatment 105 
3.4 Section 3 Post-treatment Assessment 108 
3.5 Section 4 111 
PART Ⅳ CASE 4 CLASS Ⅲ TREATED WITH ORTHODONTIC COMBINED WITH OR-THOGNATHIC SURGEONS 111 
4.1 Case Summary 111 
4.2 Section 1 Pre-treatment Assessment 112 
4.3 Section 2 Treatment 115 
4.4 Section 3 Post-treatment Assessment 118 
4.5 Section 4 122 
PART Ⅴ CASE 5 OPENBITE TREATED WITH RME IN ADULT PATIENT 122 
5.1 Case Summary 122 
5.2 Section 1 Pre-treatment Assessment 123 
5.3 Section 2 Treatment 126 
5.4 Section 3 Post-treatment Assessment 128 
5.5 Section 4 132

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在线试读部分章节

CHAPTER Ⅰ

DEFINITION AND ETIOLOGIES OF MALOCCLUSION
Peilun Li

PART Ⅰ DEFINITION OF MALOCCLUSION
PART Ⅱ ETIOLOGIES OF MALOCCLU-SION
1.1 Hereditary In.uences
1.2 Environmental In.uences
REFERENCES

PART Ⅰ DEFINITION OF
MALOCCLUSION
The word malocclusion literally means “bad occlu-sion”, and it was de.ned by Edward Angle, the “father of modern orthodontics”, as a misalignment of teeth or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. It may be seen as crooked, crowded, or pro-truding teeth.
Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry concerned with the supervision, guidance and correction of the growing and mature dentofacial structures, includ-ing those conditions that require movement of teeth or correction of malrelationships and malformations of related structures. Orthodontic treatment focuses on adjustment of relationships between and among teeth and facial bones by the application of forces and/or the stimulation and redirection of the func-tional forces within the craniofacial complex.

CHAPTER Ⅰ 
 
DEFINITION AND ETIOLOGIES OF MALOCCLUSION 
Peilun Li 
 
PART Ⅰ DEFINITION OF MALOCCLUSION 
PART Ⅱ ETIOLOGIES OF MALOCCLU-SION 
1.1 Hereditary In.uences 
1.2 Environmental In.uences 
REFERENCES 
 
PART Ⅰ DEFINITION OF 
MALOCCLUSION 
The word malocclusion literally means “bad occlu-sion”, and it was de.ned by Edward Angle, the “father of modern orthodontics”, as a misalignment of teeth or incorrect relation between the teeth of the two dental arches. It may be seen as crooked, crowded, or pro-truding teeth. 
Orthodontics is a branch of dentistry concerned with the supervision, guidance and correction of the growing and mature dentofacial structures, includ-ing those conditions that require movement of teeth or correction of malrelationships and malformations of related structures. Orthodontic treatment focuses on adjustment of relationships between and among teeth and facial bones by the application of forces and/or the stimulation and redirection of the func-tional forces within the craniofacial complex. 
Major responsibilities of orthodontics practice include the diagnosis, prevention, interception, and treatment of all forms of malocclusion of the teeth and associated alterations in their surrounding structures; the design, application, and control of functional and corrective appliances; and the guid-ance of the dentition and its supporting structures to attain and maintain optimum relations in physiolog-ic and esthetic harmony among facial and cranial structures. 
PART Ⅱ ETIOLOGIES OF 
MALOCCLUSION 
It is difficult to know the precise cause of most malocclusions, but we do know in general what the possibilities are, and these must be considered be-fore treatment is conducted. 
Malocclusion can occur as a result of geneti-cally determined factors, which are inherited, or environmental factors, or more commonly a combi-nation of both. Inherited conditions include congen-itally missing teeth, malformed and supernumerary teeth, abnormal formations of the jaws and face, such as a cleft lip and palate. Environmental factors include bad oral habits (such as digital sucking and tongue thrusting), premature loss of teeth as a result of eithertr auma or caries, and some medical condi-tions (such as enlarged tonsils and adenoids that lead to mouth breathing). This section concludes these factors with a perspective that the interaction-between hereditary and environmental has great in.uences on the development of the major types of malocclusion. 
1.1 Hereditary In.uences 
1.1.1 Evolution 
Although malocclusion now occurs in a majority of the population, this does not mean it is normal. Skeletal remains indicate that the present preva-lence is several times greater than it was only a few hundred years ago. Crowding and malalignment of teeth was unusual until relatively recently. The fos-sil record documents evolutionary trends over many thousands of years that affect the present dentition, including a decrease in the number of the teeth, and a decrease in the size of the jaws. 
For example, there has been a steady reduction in the size of both anterior and posterior teeth over at least the last 100,000 years. The number of teeth in the dentition of higher primates has been reduced compared with the usual mammalian pattern. The third incisor and third premolar have disappeared, as has the fourth molar. At present, the human third molar, second premolar, and second incisor often fail to develop, which indicates that these teeth may be on their way out. 
Compared with primitive peoples, modern hu-man beings have quite underdeveloped jaws.It is easy to find that the progressive reduction in jaw size, if not well matched to a decrease in tooth size and number, could lead to crowding and malalign-ment. It is easier to see why dental crowding should have increased quite recently, but this seems to have paralleled the transition from primitive agricultural to modern urbanized societies. Because of escalat-ing conditions of modern life, the worsening maloc-clusions perhaps result partly from less use of the masticatory apparatus with softer and more delicate diet. Under primitive conditions, of course, excel-lent function of the jaws and teeth was important for surviving and reproducing. 
In fact, both dental caries and periodontal disease are rare on the primitive diet and appear rapidly when the diet changes, it is complicated to determine whether changes in jaw function have increased the prevalence of malocclusion.The re-sulting dental pathology can make it difficult to establish what the occlusion might have been in the absence of early loss of teeth, gingivitis and peri-odontal breakdown. The increase in malocclusion in modern times certainly parallels the development of modern civilization, but a reduction in jaw size related to disuse atrophy is hard to document. 
1.1.2 Genetic in.uences 
A strong in.uence of inheritance on facial features is obvious at a glance. It is easy to recognize famil-ial features in the tilt of the nos

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