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人文英语之《一本书读懂世界史》，在原汁原味的英语阅读中品味世界历史的千变万化！！

《一本书读懂世界史》还精心选配了数百幅内容涵盖面广、表现形式丰富的图片，包括出土文物、历史遗迹、战争示意图、名人画像等，与文字内容互为补充与诠释，使读者仿佛置身于一座真实立体的历史博物馆，更加直观地了解世界历史。简洁精要的文字，配以多元化的图像，打造出一个立体直观的阅读空间，使读者获得图与文赋予的双重享受。

世界史异彩纷呈却又漫长繁杂；世界史时而金戈铁马，时而其乐融融；世界史孕育了众多风云人物、辉煌成就、灿烂文化；世界史囊括了整个人类，是任何人都必须了解的基本知识，　以无比广阔博大的襟怀展现人类全景包罗万象。

内容简介

　★★★★★1895-1915年的中国：大变革时代（社科院研究员、著名学者马勇全面解读1895-1915年间的中国变革史，探讨历史中变与不变的本质和内涵，从旧路中寻出改革的答案）　　　

历史是人类发展过程的记录：《一本书读懂世界史》以历史为脉络，描述了从史前人类的进化到古代文明的萌芽，从帝国的兴盛与覆灭到封建社会的繁荣与鼎盛，从中世纪文艺复兴的灿烂到资本主义社会科技的突飞，从两次世界大战跨越到益和谐的文明时代的一些很重大事件，使你在轻松阅读中，尽览历史风云，汲取历史智慧。

目　　录

★★★★★ 五星级图书一本书读懂美国文化(英汉对照)
　Chapter 1 Where Are We From
　　第一章我们从哪里来
　　　人类的起源
　　　取火点燃文明——智人
　　　Parents Take Turns to do Head of the Household--MatrilineaSociety and Patrilineal Society。父母轮流当户主——母系氏族和父系氏族
　　　The Legend of the Great Flood大洪荒的传说
　Chapter 2 The Gift of the Nile
　第二章　尼罗河的赠礼
　　Three Thousand Years of He6itage~AnClentEgypt三千多年的传承——古埃及
　　　Fist Wonder of the World—Pyramid世界奇迹之首——金字塔
　　　The Riddle of．Sphinx' “斯芬克斯”的谜语
　　　Return to Be Klnq—Hummy待君归来——木乃伊
　　　The Curse of Tutankhamen图坦卡门的诅咒

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Part 1 Ancient History古代史 
　Chapter 1 Where Are We From 
　　第一章  我们从哪里来 
　　　人类的起源 
　　　取火点燃文明——智人 
　　　Parents Take Turns to do Head of the Household--Matrilinea
Society and Patrilineal Society。父母轮流当户主——母系氏族和父系氏族 
　　　The Legend of the Great Flood大洪荒的传说 
　Chapter 2 The Gift of the Nile 
 　 第二章　尼罗河的赠礼 
  　　Three Thousand Years of He6itage~AnClent
Egypt三千多年的传承——古埃及 
　　　Fist Wonder of the World—Pyramid世界奇迹之首——金字塔 
　　　The Riddle of．Sphinx'  “斯芬克斯”的谜语 
　　　Return to Be Klnq—Hummy待君归来——木乃伊 
　　　The Curse of Tutankhamen图坦卡门的诅咒 
　Chapter 3TheTwo Rivers．Civilization—The Beautiful”Garden of
Eden 
　  第三章　两河文明——笑丽的“伊甸园” 
  　　Babylon EmDl广e一丁he”Hanging Gardens”巴比伦王国——“空中花园” 
　　　The Son of the Sea一The Phoenician Civilization海之骄子——腓尼基文明 
　　　Solomon．S Treasure--Ancient Israel所罗门的宝藏——古代以色列 
　Chapter 4 Ancient Indian 
  　第四章　上古印度 
　　　The Classics Sung—The Vedic Period经典中传唱——吠陀时代 
    　The Buddha．S Era of
Maha—Janapadas释迦牟尼的时代——列国时代 
　　　The”Boundless Dharma—The Creation and Spread of
Buddhism　佛法无边”——佛教的创立与传播157 
　　　Ashoka．S Dream--Maurya Empire阿育王的梦——孔雀帝国 
　Chapter 5 Ancient Greece 
  　第五章　上古希腊 
    　Splendid Ancient Greek
Civilization灿烂的古希腊文明 
　　　Greek Mythology希腊神话65    ． 
    　The Athena Ushered in the
Cjt广AthenS雅典娜迎来的城邦——雅典 
　　　Three Hundred Warriors in Sparta and Marathon斯巴达三百勇士和马拉松 
　　　To Conquer the World—AleXand仑广Empire  “征服世界”——亚历山大帝国 
　Chapter 6 Superpower—The Roman 
  　第六章　超级大国——罗马 
    　　A Wolf Feeds the Country母狼喂出的国家 
Part 2 Middle Ages中世纪 
Part 3 Modern History现代史

显示全部信息

在线试读部分章节

★★畅销书★★
●The Evolution of Ape-man猿人的进化
The ape-man (formerly know as Homo erectus) is an extinct1 speciesof hominid that originated in Africa,and spread as far as India,China and Java, about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago.
The first theory is that ape-man migrated from Africa during theEarly Pleistocene, possibly as a result of the operation of theSaharan pump, around 2.0 million years ago, and dispersedthroughout much of the Old World. Fossilized remains 1.8 to 1million years old have been found in Africa (e.g., Lake Turkana andOlduvai Gorge), Europe (Georgia and Spain), Indonesia (e.g.,Sangiran and Trinil), Vietnam, China (e.g., Shaanxi) andIndia.
The second theory is that ape-man evolved in Asia and thenmigrated3 to Africa. The species4 occupied a West Asian site calledDmanisi, in Georgia, from 1.85 million to 1.77 million years ago,at the same time or slightly before the earliest evidence inAfrica. Excavations found 73 stone tools for cutting and choppingand 34 bone fragments from unidenti.ed creatures.
猿人(也称直立人)是一个已经灭绝的古人类物种，约于1.8万至1.3万年前，起源于非洲，后迁徙至印度、中国和爪洼（今东南亚）等地区。
有一种理论认为猿人源于非洲，在早更新世2晚期，距今约200万年左右，由于撒哈拉板块的运动和旧世界许多地方的分离而向外迁移。目前，已经在非洲（如图尔卡纳湖和奥杜威峡谷）、欧洲（格鲁吉亚和西班牙）、印度尼西亚（桑吉兰和特里尼尔）、越南、中国（如陕西）和印度等地发现其遗迹化石，距今约180～100万年。
第二个理论认为猿人起源于亚洲，并且在亚洲繁衍，然后迁移到非洲。该物种大约在185万到177万年前，在西亚的格鲁吉亚建立了一个定居点“德马尼斯”，这是这个时期或稍早时期猿人在非洲生存的最早证据。目前，已经发掘发现了73个用于切割和斩断不同物质的石制工具和34片动物碎骨。
The Use of Fire and Tools对火和工具的运用

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1. Origin of the Human　人类的起源 
●The Evolution of Ape-man猿人的进化 
The ape-man (formerly know as Homo erectus) is an extinct1 species
of hominid that originated in Africa,and spread as far as India,
China and Java, about 1.8 to 1.3 million years ago. 
The first theory is that ape-man migrated from Africa during the
Early Pleistocene, possibly as a result of the operation of the
Saharan pump, around 2.0 million years ago, and dispersed
throughout much of the Old World. Fossilized remains 1.8 to 1
million years old have been found in Africa (e.g., Lake Turkana and
Olduvai Gorge), Europe (Georgia and Spain), Indonesia (e.g.,
Sangiran and Trinil), Vietnam, China (e.g., Shaanxi) and
India. 
The second theory is that ape-man evolved in Asia and then
migrated3 to Africa. The species4 occupied a West Asian site called
Dmanisi, in Georgia, from 1.85 million to 1.77 million years ago,
at the same time or slightly before the earliest evidence in
Africa. Excavations found 73 stone tools for cutting and chopping
and 34 bone fragments from unidenti.ed creatures. 
猿人(也称直立人)是一个已经灭绝的古人类物种，约于1.8万至1.3万年前，起源于非洲，后迁徙至印度、中国和爪洼（今东南亚）等地区。

有一种理论认为猿人源于非洲，在早更新世2晚期，距今约200万年左右，由于撒哈拉板块的运动和旧世界许多地方的分离而向外迁移。目前，已经在非洲（如图尔卡纳湖和奥杜威峡谷）、欧洲（格鲁吉亚和西班牙）、印度尼西亚（桑吉兰和特里尼尔）、越南、中国（如陕西）和印度等地发现其遗迹化石，距今约180～100万年。

第二个理论认为猿人起源于亚洲，并且在亚洲繁衍，然后迁移到非洲。该物种大约在185万到177万年前，在西亚的格鲁吉亚建立了一个定居点“德马尼斯”，这是这个时期或稍早时期猿人在非洲生存的最早证据。目前，已经发掘发现了73个用于切割和斩断不同物质的石制工具和34片动物碎骨。

The Use of Fire and Tools对火和工具的运用 
Homo ergaster used more diverse and sophisticated stone tools than
its predecessors, however, used comparatively primitive5 tools. H.
ergaster re.ned inherited Oldowan technology developing the first
Acheulean bifacial axes: while the use of Acheulean tools began ca.
1.6 million years ago, the line of H. erectus diverged some 200,000
years before the general innovation of Acheulean technology. Thus
the Asian migratory descendants of H. ergaster made no use of any
Acheulean technology. In addition, it has been suggested that H.
erectus may have been the .rst hominid to use rafts to travel
over. 
Sites in Europe and Asia seem to indicate controlled use of fire by
H. erectus. A presentation at the Paleoanthropology Society annual
meeting in Montreal, Canada in March 2004 stated that there is
evidence for used and controlled fires in excavations6 in northern
Israel from about 690,000 to 790,000 years ago. A site called
Amata, located on the French Riviera, which lies on an ancient
beach, seems to have been occupied by H. erectus; it contains the
earliest evidence of controlled .re, dated at around 300,000 years
BC. 
猿人是在使用石器工具上比其先祖更加多样化和复杂化，不过，他们使用的工具依然比较原始，他们继承了奥杜威技术并首次发展其为阿舍利双面斧。他们首次使用这种工具是在旧石器时代早期，约160万年前。在普遍使用阿舍利技术（考古学上对于史前人类石器工艺技术的称呼）的20万年前，猿人就出现了分支，但猿人的亚洲移民后裔没有使用阿舍利技术。考古发现，这一阶段猿人第一次使用木筏旅行。

与此同时，欧洲和亚洲的一些发现也表明猿人有使用火的能力。2004年3月，在加拿大的蒙特利尔召开的古人类学年会中显示，在以色列北部一个距今约69万至79万年前的遗迹中找到了猿人控制火并使用火的证据。大概在公元前30万年，法国南海岸的一个古老海滩上名叫阿马塔的据点上已经有猿人居住，还有猿人使用火的证据。
Ancient Hunter—Gatherers古代狩猎者—采集者 
The ape-man was probably an ancient hunter -gatherers' camp. And
anthropologists such as Richard Leakey believe that it was more
characteristic of modern humans than the south ape. At the same
time, increased cranial7 capacity generally coincides with the more
sophisticated tools occasionally found with fossils. 
The discovery of Turkana boy in 1984 gave evidence that, In the
course of their anatomy, it may not have been capable of producing
sounds comparable to modern human speech. Ergaster at least may
have communicated with a pre-language lacking the fully developed
structure of modern human language, but more developed than the
basic communication used by chimpanzees. Turkana boy's discovery
show that the existence of Homo sapiens capabilities of vocal
sound. 
Facts have proved that the ape-man has a series of progressive
characteristics greatly expanded its adaptability. Therefore, The
ape-man do not like their ancestry, as only members of wandering in
the wilderness of Africa, but in later years doggedly out of
Africa, spread to vast areas of Asia and many parts of
Europe. 
猿人很可能是一个古代狩猎—采集者的“营地”。人类学家理查德?利 
基等认为，猿人比之前的南方古猿更具有现代人类的特征。科学家还发现了 
同时代的与猿人脑容量增加相符合的更为复杂的工具。 
1984年，图尔卡纳男孩遗骨于肯尼亚被发现，在对其解剖的过程中发现，它当时可能还没有与现代人类语言发音相近的声音。其语言结构与现代人类的语言结构相比有一定的缺陷，但比黑猩猩使用的基本语言功能发达。图尔卡纳男孩的发现表明猿人声带发声功能的存在。

事实证明，猿人所具有的一系列进步性特征大大地扩大了其适应性。因此，猿人再不像他们之前的那些人科成员那样仅仅在非洲的原野上徘徊，而是在后来的岁月里顽强地走出了非洲，散布到亚洲的广大区域以及欧洲的许多地区。
●Origin of the Human in Bible—Adam and Eve圣经中人类的起源 —亚当和夏娃 
When God made the .rst man, he called him Adam and put him in a
beautiful garden, the Garden of Eden. Here Adam lived in peace with
all the animals. God gave Adam eternal8 life. But before God mad
the .rst woman, Adam was lonely in the garden. When God saw that
Adam was lonely, he mad9 Eve. God took a rib from Adam when he was
asleep one night. From Adam’s rib, God made Eve. Adam was happy
when he woke up the next morning and found Eve next to him. God
said to Adam and Eve. “Here in the garden you have everything, but
you cannot have one thing: you cannot eat the apples from the Tree
of Knowledge.” 
One day Satan came to the Garden of Eden. He changed into a serpent
and went to live in the Tree of Knowledge. When Eve came near the
tree one day, the serpent called her. He gave her an apple and
said, “Here. Take this apple and eat it. Don’t listen to God. Eat
it.” After Eve took a bite, she took the apple to Adam. He was
afraid, but Eve repeated again and again, “It’s good. Here. Eat it.
Why not?” So he .nally ate the apple. 
Before they ate the apple, Adam and Eve did not know that they were
naked10. But after they ate the apple, they were ashamed11 and
covered their bodies with leaves. God was angry with them. He said,
“Leave the garden. You cannot stay here.” When Adam and Eve left
the garden, they had their .rst experience of pain and hard work in
the cold hard world outside. 
在上帝造出第一个男人时，他给他起名为亚当，并将其放在一座美丽的伊甸园里。在这里，亚当和各种动物和睦相处。上帝给了亚当永恒的生命，但在他造出第一个女人之前，亚当一个人觉得很寂寞。上帝看到了亚当的寂寞，于是，一天夜里，上帝趁亚当睡着时从他身上取出一根肋骨，并用这根肋骨造出了第一个女人夏娃。第二天早上亚当醒来发现夏娃躺在他身旁时，非常高兴。上帝对亚当和夏娃说：“你们在园中什么都有。但有一样东西你们不能做：不能吃智慧树上的苹果。”

有一天，撒旦来到伊甸园，变成一条毒蛇盘绕在智慧树上。当夏娃来到树旁时，毒蛇把她叫过来，给了她一颗苹果说：“把这苹果拿去吃掉。不要听上帝的话，把它吃掉。”夏娃咬了一口之后把苹果带给亚当。亚当本来很害怕，但夏娃一再地说：“挺好的。来，把它吃掉。干吗不吃呢？”因此，最后他把苹果吃掉了。

在吃苹果之前，亚当和夏娃是不知道自己是赤身裸体的，吃了苹果之后，他们就感到难为情了，于是用树叶把身子遮了起来。上帝对他们恼怒了，他说：“离开伊甸园。你们不能再在这里居住了。”离开伊甸园之后，亚当和夏娃在外边寒冷艰难的世界里，第一次尝到了痛苦和艰苦劳动的滋味。
2. Make Fire for Civilization—Homo Sapiens　取火点燃文明——智人 
●What is Homo Sapiens何为智人 
Humans (known taxonomically as Homo sapiens, Latin for "wise man"
or "knowing man") are the only living species in the Homo genus of
bipedal primates in Hominidae. They have a highly developed brain,
capable of abstract reasoning, language, introspection, and problem
solving. This capability combined with an erect body carriage that
frees the hands for manipulating objects, has allowed humans to
make far greater use of tools than any other living species on
Earth. 
Like higher primates, humans are social animals. Humans are
uniquely adept at utilizing systems of communication for
self-expression, the exchange of ideas, and organization. Humans
create complex social structures composed of many cooperating and
competing groups, from families to nations. Social interactions
between humans have established an extremely wide variety of
values, social norms, and rituals, which together form the basis of
human society. 
Humans are noted for their desire to understand and in.uence their
environment, seeking to explain and manipulate phenomena through
science, philosophy, mythology, and religion. This natural
curiosity has led to the development of advanced tools and skills,
which are passed down culturally. 
人类（分类学上称为智人，为“智者”或“明知男子”的拉丁语）是类人猿家族中的唯一以两足行走的灵长类生物物种。他们拥有高度发达的大脑，并且具有思维能力、语言能力、反思能力和解决问题的能力，这些能力结合手可以控制肢体活动，使得人类比在地球上的其他物种，可以更大限度地使用工具。

与大多数最高级灵长类动物一样，人类是群居动物，是唯一擅长自我表达、交流思想并创立语言交流系统的物种。他们创造出了复杂的社会结构，从家庭到国家，有合作、有竞争。这些早期人类相互活动中所建立的价值观念、社会规范、礼仪共同构成了人类社会的基础。

通过科学、哲学、神话和宗教，人类表现出认识和改造自然的渴望，这种天生的好奇心，使得先进的工具得以应用、技术得以发展、文化获得传承。

●The Development of Homo Sapiens智人的发展 
Anatomically12 modern humans evolved from archaic Homo sapiens in
Africa in the Middle Paleolithic, about 200,000 years ago. By the
beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period (50,000 before present),
full behavioral modernity, including language, music and other
cultural universals had developed. 
Evidence from archaeogenetics accumulating since the 1990s has lent
strong support to the "out-of-Africa" scenario, and has
marginalized the competing multiregional hypothesis, which proposed
that modern humans evolved, at least in part, from independent
hominid populations. 
Geneticists Lynn Jorde and Henry Harpending of the University of
Utah propose that the variation in human DNA is minute compared to
that of other species. They also propose that during the Late
Pleistocene, the human population was reduced to a small number of
breeding pairs – no more than 10,000, and possibly as few as 1,000
– resulting in a very small residual gene pool. 
解剖学上的现代人类进化，大约是从20万年前中石器时代的非洲智人开始的。大约在旧石器时代早期（距今约5万年），智人完整的行为，包括语言、音乐和其他文化的共性都已经有所发展。

自20世纪90年代以来，人类基因学积累的证据给予了“向非洲外迁移”学说大力的支持，并且使多区域竞争的假设边缘化。多区域竞争的假设认为：现代人类的进化，至少在区域层面，是从各独立原始人群中进化的。

来自于犹他州大学的遗传学家琳?卓德和亨利?哈彭丁认为，人类DNA中变异的周期与其他物种相比，其实很短。他们还认为，在晚更新世期间（晚更新世也称上更新世，距今约13万年至1万年），人口基因减少到一个非常小的规模——不超过10,000，可能接近1,000，这是一个非常小的残余基因库。

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