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心理学与生活（第18版）（英文版）从生活中的心理学入手，介绍心理学是什么，通过强有力的科学研究方法澄清了人们对心理学的一些误解，概括地介绍了心理学中的研究方法、心理学所关注的主题，详细介绍了它如何与生活密切联系，将理论与实践结合起来，指导你如何在生活中运用批判性思维。第18版还纳入了文化因素，增强了本书的普适性，内容也更加丰富多彩。
　　心理学与生活（第18版）（英文版）可作为大学本科生普通心理学课程的适用教材，也是普通大众了解心理学、更好地理解生活的*读物。对于准备出国或者是准备在国内攻读心理学硕士学位的学生而言，心理学与生活（第18版）（英文版）将成为他们的重要参考书。

目　　录

PREFACE
1　PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE　3
WHAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY UNIQUE？　4
　Definitions　4
　The Goals of Psychology　5
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：CAN PSYCHOLOGY HELP FIND ME ACAREER？　8
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY　9
　Psychology’s Historical Foundations　9
　Current Psychological Perspectives　11
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：WHY DO FRIENDSHIPS END？　16
WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO　17
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK　19
　Study Strategies　19
　Study Techniques　20

PREFACE 
1　PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE　3 
WHAT MAKES PSYCHOLOGY UNIQUE？　4 
　Definitions　4 
　The Goals of Psychology　5 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：CAN PSYCHOLOGY HELP FIND ME A
CAREER？　8 
THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY　9 
　Psychology’s Historical Foundations　9 
　Current Psychological Perspectives　11 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：WHY DO FRIENDSHIPS END？　16 
WHAT PSYCHOLOGISTS DO　17 
HOW TO USE THIS BOOK　19 
　Study Strategies　19 
　Study Techniques　20 
　Special Features　20 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　21 
KEY TERMS　21 
2　RESEARCH METHODS IN PSYCHOLOGY　25 
THE PROCESS OF RESEARCH　26 
　Observer Biases and Operational Definitions　27 
　Experimental Methods：Alternative Explanations and the Need for
Controls　30 
　Correlational Methods　33 
　Subliminal Influence？　34 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：CAN SURVEY RESEARCH AFFECT YOUR ATTITUDES？
36 
PSYCHOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT　37 
　Achieving Reliability and Validity　37 
　Self-Report Measures　37 
　Behavioral Measures and Observations　38 
ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL RESEARCH　40 
　Informed Consent　40 
　Risk/Gain Assessment　41 
　Intentional Deception　41 
　Debriefing　41 
　Issues in Animal Research　41 
BECOMING A WISER RESEARCH CONSUMER　42 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：HOW CAN YOU EVALUATE PSYCHOLOGICAL
INFORMATION ON THE WEB？　43 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　44 
KEY TERMS　44 
STATISTICAL SUPPLEMENT　46 
UNDERSTANDING STATISTICS：ANALYZING DATA AND FORMING
CONCLUSIONS　46 
ANALYZING THE DATA　47 
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS　48 
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS　51 
BECOMING A WISE CONSUMER OF STATISTICS　53 
KEY TERMS　53 
3　THE BIOLOGICAL AND EVOLUTIONARY BASES OF BEHAVIOR　55 
HEREDITY AND BEHAVIOR　56 
　Evolution and Natural Selection　57 
　Variation in the Human Genotype　59 
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM IN ACTION　63 
　The Neuron　63 
　Action Potentials　65 
　Synaptic Transmission　67 
　Neurotransmitters and Their Functions　68 
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR　70 
　Eavesdropping on the Brain　70 
　The Nervous System　74 
　Brain Structures and Their Functions　75 
　Hemispheric Lateralization　81 
　The Endocrine System　84 
　Plasticity and Neurogenesis：Our Changing Brains　85 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：WHAT DOES “IT’S GENETIC”
MEAN？　71 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：WHY DOES MUSIC HAVE AN IMPACT ON HOW YOU
FEEL？　87 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　88 
KEY TERMS　89 
4　SENSATION AND PERCEPTION　93 
SENSING, ORGANIZING, IDENTIFYING, AND RECOGNIZING　94 
　The Proximal and Distal Stimuli　95 
　Reality, Ambiguity, and Illusions　97 
SENSORY KNOWLEDGE OF THE WORLD　99 
　Psychophysics　99 
　From Physical Events to Mental Events　102 
THE VISUAL SYSTEM 103 
　The Human Eye　103 
　The Pupil and the Lens　103 
　The Retina　104 
　Processes in the Brain　105 
　Seeing Color　108 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：CAN TECHNOLOGY RESTORE
SIGHT？　108 
HEARING　112 
　The Physics of Sound　112 
　Psychological Dimensions of Sound　112 
　The Physiology of Hearing　113 
YOUR OTHER SENSES　117 
　Smell　117 
　Taste　117 
　Touch and Skin Senses　118 
　The Vestibular and Kinesthetic Senses　119 
　Pain　120 
ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN PERCEPTION　121 
　Attentional Processes　121 
　Principles of Perceptual Grouping　124 
　Spatial and Temporal Integration　125 
　Motion Perception　126 
　Depth Perception　126 
　Perceptual Constancies　129 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：WHY IS EATING“HOT”FOOD PAINFUL？　122 
IDENTIFICATION AND RECOGNITION PROCESS　131 
　Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes　131 
　The Influence of Contexts and Expectations　133 
　Final Lessons　134 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　134 
KEY TERMS　135 
5　MIND, CONSCIOUSNESS, AND ALTERNATE STATES　139 
THE CONTENTS OF CONSCIOUSNESS　140 
　Awareness and Consciousness　140 
　Studying the Contents of Consciousness　142 
THE FUNCTIONS OF CONSCIOUSNESS　143 
　The Uses of Consciousness　143 
　Studying the Functions of Consciousness　144 
SLEEP AND DREAMS　145 
　Circadian Rhythms　145 
　The Sleep Cycle　146 
　Why Sleep　148 
　Sleep Disorders　148 
　Dreams：Theater of the Mind　150 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：DO YOU GET ENOUGH SLEEP？　150 
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS　152 
　Lucid Dreaming　153 
　Hypnosis　153 
　Meditation　155 
　Religious Ecstasy　156 
MIND-ALTERING DRUGS　157 
　Dependence and Addiction　157 
　Varieties of Psychoactive Drugs　158 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：DOES ECSTASY HARM THE
BRAIN？　160 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　162 
KEY TERMS　162 
6　LEARNING AND BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS　165 
THE STUDY OF LEARNING　166 
　What Is Learning？　166 
　Behaviorism and Behavior Analysis　167 
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING：LEARNING PREDICTABLE SIGNALS　168 
　Pavlov’s Surprising Observation　168 
　Processes of Conditioning　170 
　Focus on Acquisition　172 
　Applications of Classical Conditioning　174 
OPERANT CONDITIONING：LEARNING ABOUT CONSEQUENCES　176 
　The Law of Effect　176 
　Experimental Analysis of Behavior　178 
　Reinforcement Contingencies　179 
　Properties of Reinforcers　182 
　Schedules of Reinforcement　183 
　Shaping　186 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：HOW DOES CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AFFECT
CANCER TREATMENT？　177 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：TO SPANK OR NOT TO SPANK　184 
BIOLOGY AND LEARNING　187 
　Instinctual Drift　187 
　Taste-Aversion Learning　188 
COGNITIVE INFLUENCES ON LEARNING　190 
　Animal Cognition　190 
　Observational Learning　192 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　195 
KEY TERMS　195 
7　MEMORY　199 
WHAT IS MEMORY？　200 
　Types of Memories　200 
　An Overview of Memory Processes　202 
MEMORY USE FOR THE SHORT-TERM　203 
　Iconic Memory　204 
　Short-Term Memory　205 
　Working Memory　207 
LONG-TERM MEMORY：ENCODING AND RETRIEVAL　209 
　Retrieval Cues　209 
　Context and Encoding　210 
　The Processes of Encoding and Retrieval　213 
　Why We Forget　215 
　Improving Memory for Unstructured Information　217 
　Metamemory　218 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：HOW CAN MEMORY RESEARCH HELP YOU
PREPARE FOR EXAMS？　219 
STRUCTURES IN LONG-TERM MEMORY　220 
　Memory Structures　220 
　Remembering as a Reconstructive Process　224 
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MEMORY　227 
　Searching for the Engram　227 
　Amnesia　228 
　Brain Imaging　229 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：WHY DOES ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AFFECT
MEMORY？　227 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　231 
KEY TERMS　232 
8　COGNITIVE PROCESSES　235 
STUDYING COGNITION　237 
　Discovering the Processes of Mind　237 
　Mental Processes and Mental Resources　237 
LANGUAGE USE　240 
　Language Production　240 
　Language Understanding　243 
　Language and Evolution　247 
　Language,Thought,and Culture　248 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：WHY AND HOW DO PEOPLE LIE？　249 
VISUAL COGNITION　250 
　Using Visual Representations　250 
　Combining Verbal and Visual Representations　252 
PROBLEM SOLVING AND REASONING　255 
　Problem Solving　255 
　Deductive Reasoning　257 
　Inductive Reasoning　260 
JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING　262 
　Heuristics and Judgment　262 
　The Psychology of Decision Making　265 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：CAN POLITICAL EXPERTS PREDICT THE
FUTURE?　269 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　270 
KEY TERMS　270 
9　INTELLIGENCE AND INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT　273 
WHAT IS ASSESSMENT？　274 
　History of Assessment　274 
　Basic Features of Formal Assessment　275 
INTELLIGENCE ASSESSMENT　278 
　The Origins of Intelligence Testing　278 
　IQ Tests　278 
　Extremes of Intelligence　280 
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE　282 
　Psychometric Theories of Intelligence　282 
　Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence　284 
　Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences and Emotional
Intelligence　285 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：CAN YOU TRUST ASSESSMENT ON THE
WEB？　283 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：DO THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
MATTER？　287 
THE POLITICS OF INTELLIGENCE　287 
　The History of Group Comparisons　288 
　Heredity and IQ　289 
　Environments and IQ　291 
　Culture and the Validity of IQ Tests　293 
CREATIVITY　295 
　Assessing Creativity and the Link to Intelligence　295 
　Extremes of Creativity　295 
ASSESSMENT AND SOCIETY　297 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　299 
KEY TERMS　299 
10　HUMAN DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN　303 
STUDYING DEVELOPMENT　304 
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN　306 
　Prenatal and Childhood Development　306 
　Physical Development in Adolescence　310 
　Physical Changes in Adulthood　311 
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN　312 
　Piaget’s Insights Into Mental Development　312 
　Contemporary Perspectives on Early Cognitive Development　314 
　Cognitive Development in Adulthood　318 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：WILL YOUR BRAIN WORK DIFFERENTLY AS YOU
AGE？　320 
ACQUIRING LANGUAGE　321 
　Perceiving Speech and Perceiving Words　321 
　Learning Word Meanings　322 
　Acquiring Grammar　323 
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN　324 
　Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages　325 
　Social Development in Childhood　326 
　Social Development in Adolescence　331 
　Social Development in Adulthood　333 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：HOW DOES DAY CARE AFFECT CHILDREN’S
DEVELOPMENT？330 
SEX AND GENDER DIFFERENCES　336 
　Sex Differences　336 
　Gender Identity and Gender Roles　337 
MORAL DEVELOPMENT　338 
　Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning　338 
　Gender and Cultural Perspectives on Moral Reasoning　340 
LEARNING TO AGE SUCCESSFULLY　341 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　342 
KEY TERMS　343 
11　MOTIVATION　347 
UNDERSTANDING MOTIVATION　348 
　Functions of Motivational Concepts　348 
　Sources of Motivation　349 
　A Hierarchy of Needs　352 
EATING　353 
　The Physiology of Eating 354 
　The Psychology of Eating　355 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：HOW DOES GENETICS CONTRIBUTE TO
OBESITY？　356 
SEXUAL BEHAVIORS　360 
　Nonhuman Sexual Behaviors　360 
　Human Sexual Arousal and Response　362 
　The Evolution of Sexual Behaviors　363 
　Sexual Norms　364 
　Homosexuality　366 
MOTIVATION FOR PERSONAL ACHIEVEMENT　370 
　Need for Achievement　368 
　Attributions for Success and Failure　369 
　Work and Organizational Psychology　371 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：HOW DOES MOTIVATION AFFECT ACADEMIC
ACHIEVEMENT·373 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　374 
KEY TERMS　374 
12　EMOTION, STRESS, AND HEALTH　377 
EMOTIONS　378 
　Basic Emotions and Culture　378 
　Theories of Emotion　381 
　Functions of Emotions　385 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE HAPPIER THAN
OTHERS？　388 
STRESS OF LIVING　389 
　Physiological Stress Reactions　389 
　Psychological Stress Reactions　392 
　Coping with Stress　397 
　Positive Effects of Stress　401 
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY　402 
　The Biopsychosocial Model of Health　403 
　Health Promotion　403 
　Treatment　406 
　Personality and Health　409 
　Job Burnout and the Health-Care System　410 
　A Toast to Your Health　411 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：CAN HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY HELP YOU BE A
HEALTHY PERSON BY 2010？　407 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　413 
KEY TERMS　413 
13　UNDERSTANDING HUMAN PERSONALITY　417 
TYPE AND TRAIT PERSONALITY THEORIES　418 
　Categorizing by Types　418 
　Describing with Traits　419 
　Traits and Heritability　423 
　Do Traits Predict Behaviors？　423 
　Evaluation of Type and Trait Theories　425 
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES　425 
　Freudian Psychoanalysis　425 
　Evaluation of Freudian Theory　429 
　Extending Psychodynamic Theories　430 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：WHY ARE SOME PEOPLE SHY？　426 
HUMANISTIC THEORIES　432 
　Features of Humanistic Theories　432 
　Evaluation of Humanistic Theories　433 
SOCIAL-LEARNING AND COGNITIVE THEORIES　434 
　Mischel’s Cognitive-Affective Personality Theory　435 
　Bandura’s Cognitive Social-Learning Theory　436 
　Cantor’s Social Intelligence Theory　438 
　Evaluation of Social-Learning and Cognitive Theories　438 
SELF THEORIES　439 
　Dynamic Aspects of Self-Concepts　439 
　Self-Esteem and Self-Presentation　440 
　The Cultural Construction of Self　441 
　Evaluation of Self Theories　442 
COMPARING PERSONALITY THEORIES　443 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：WHO ARE YOU ON THE
INTERNET？　443 
ASSESSING PERSONALITY　444 
　Objective Tests　444 
　Projective Tests　446 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　448 
KEY TERMS　448 
14　PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS　451 
THE NATURE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS　452 
　Deciding What Is Abnormal　452 
　The Problem of Objectivity　454 
　Classifying Psychological Disorders　454 
　The Etiology of Psychopathology　457 
ANXIETY DISORDERS　459 
　Generalized Anxiety Disorder　459 
　Panic Disorder　459 
　Phobias　460 
　Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder　460 
　Posttraumatic Stress Disorder　461 
　Causes of Anxiety Disorders　462 
MOOD DISORDERS　464 
　Major Depressive Disorder　464 
　Bipolar Disorder　465 
　Causes of Mood Disorders　465 
　Gender Differences in Depression　467 
　Suicide　468 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：HOW CAN WE PINPOINT INTERACTIONS OF NATURE
AND NURTURE？　469 
PERSONALITY DISORDERS　470 
　Borderline Personality Disorder　470 
　Antisocial Personality Disorder　471 
SOMATOFORM AND DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS　472 
　Somatoform Disorders　472 
　Dissociative Disorders　473 
SCHIZOPHRENIC DISORDERS　474 
　Major Types of Schizophrenia　475 
　Causes of Schizophrenia　476 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：IS “INSANITY” REALLY A
DEFENSE？　480 
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD　480 
　Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder　481 
　Autistic Disorder　481 
THE STIGMA OF MENTAL ILLNESS　482 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　483 
KEY TERMS　484 
15　THERAPIES FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS　487 
THE THERAPEUTIC CONTEXT　488 
　Goals and Major Therapies　488 
　Therapists and Therapeutic Settings　489 
　Historical Perspectives on Institutional Treatment　490 
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPIES　491 
　Freudian Psychoanalysis　491 
　Later Psychodynamic Therapies　493 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：ARE LIVES HAUNTED BY REPRESSED
MEMORIES?　494 
BEHAVIOR THERAPIES　494 
　Counterconditioning　495 
　Contingency Management　496 
　Social-Learning Therapy　498 
　Generalization Techniques　499 
COGNITIVE THERAPIES　501 
　Changing False Beliefs　501 
　Cognitive Behavioral Therapy　502 
HUMANISTIC THERAPIES　502 
　Client-Centered Therapy　503 
　Gestalt Therapy　503 
GROUP THERAPIES　504 
　Couple and Family Therapy　504 
　Community Support Groups　505 
BIOMEDICAL THERAPIES　506 
　Drug Therapy　506 
　Psychosurgery　508 
　EC and rTMS　509 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：DOES THERAPY AFFECT BRAIN
ACTIVITY?　510 
TREATMENT EVALUATION AND PREVENTION STRATEGIES　511 
　Evaluating Therapeutic Effectiveness　511 
　Prevention Strategies　512 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　513 
KEY TERMS　514 
16　SOCIAL COGNITION AND RELATIONSHIPS　517 
CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY　518 
　The Origins of Attribution Theory　519 
　The Fundamental Attribution Error　519 
　Self-Serving Biases　520 
　Expectations and Self-Fulfilling Prophecies　521 
　Behaviors That Confirm Expectations　522 
ATTITUDES, ATTITUDE CHANGE, AND ACTION 524 
　Attitudes and Behaviors　524 
　Processes of Persuasion　525 
　Persuasion by Your Own Actions　527 
　Compliance　529 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：DO LATE-NIGHT TV ADS REALLY
WORK？　532 
PREJUDICE　531 
　Origins of Prejudice　531 
　Effects of Stereotypes　533 
　Reversing Prejudice　534 
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS　536 
　Liking　536 
　Loving　537 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：CAN LASTING RELATIONSHIPS FORM ON THE
INTERNET?　540 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　541 
KEY TERMS　541 
17　SOCIAL PROCESSES, SOCIETY, AND CULTURE　545 
THE POWER OF THE SITUATION　546 
　Roles and Rules　546 
　Social Norms　548 
　Conformity　549 
　Decision Making in Groups　552 
　Situational Power：Candid Camera Revelations　552 
ALTRUISM AND PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR　553 
　The Roots of Altruism　553 
　Motives for Prosocial Behavior　555 
　The Effects of the Situation of Prosocial Behavior　556 
CRITICAL THINKING IN YOUR LIFE：HOW CAN YOU GET PEOPLE TO
VOLUNTEER?　558 
AGGRESSION　559 
　Evolutionary Perspectives　559 
　Individual Differences　560 
　Situational Influences　561 
　Cultural Constraints　563 
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF CONFLICT AND PEACE　566 
　Obedience to Authority　566 
　The Psychology of Genocide and War　569 
　Peace Psychology　572 
A PERSONAL ENDNOTE　574 
PSYCHOLOGY IN YOUR LIFE：HOW MIGHT RECONCILIATION BE
POSSIBLE?　575 
RECAPPING MAIN POINTS　576 
KEY TERMS　576 
ANSWER APPENDIX　A-1 
GLOSSARY　G-1 
REFERENCES　R-1 
NAME INDEX　N-1 
SUBJECT INDEX　S-1 
CREDITS　C-1

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