环境科学与工程专业英语pdf/txt下载_在线阅读全文

内容简介

本书是根据《大学英语教学大纲》（理工科本科用）的要求编写的，所选材料涉及环境科学的不同领域，内容分为七个部分，每个部分含若干单元。每个单元由一篇课文和阅读材料组成，共计64篇。各单元练习配有主观题和客观题，学生在完成这些练习题的基础上能够全面理解课文，拓展知识面和提高整体的语言运用能力。本书旨在作为高等院校环境科学本科生和研究生的专业英语教材，也可供相关专业人员学习环境科学专业英语使用。

作者简介

游霞，副教授，1986年于四川外语学院获得文学学士学位，2000年于英国BRUNEL大学获得环境管理硕士学位，1988—2001年分别在重庆环境科学院和重庆市环境保护局从事环境保护国际合作项目管理及翻译工作，2002至今任教于重庆工商大学环境与资源学院，主要担任环境科学与工程专业英语和环境管理（双语）课程教学工作。

目　　录

Contents
Part 1 Introduction to Environmental Science and Engineering···································· -1 -
UNIT1 What is Environmental Science?······································································· -1 -
UNIT2 What is Environmental Engineering?································································· -9 -

Contents
Part 1 
Introduction to Environmental Science and Engineering···································· -
1 -
UNIT
1  What is Environmental Science?······································································· -
1 -
UNIT
2  What is Environmental Engineering?································································· -
9 -
UNIT
3  Industrial Revolutions and
Environmental Problems··········································· -
16 -
UNIT
4  Global Environmental Concerns····································································· -
24 -
Part 2  Air
Pollution and Control················································································· -
33 -
UNIT
5  Energy and Energy Efficiency········································································ -
33 -
UNIT
6  Air Pollution, Sources and
Characteristics························································· -
41 -
UNIT
7  Health, Environmental and Climate
Impact······················································ -
50 -
UNIT
8  Theory and Objectives of Air
Dispersion Modeling·············································· -
58 -
UNIT
9  Approaches to Emission Estimation································································· -
66 -
UNIT
10  Air Pollution Emission Control
Devices for Stationary Sources···························· -
72 -
UNIT
11  Biofiltration of Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)-An Overview······················ -
80 -
Part 3  Water
Pollution and Control············································································· -
87 -
UNIT
12  Types and Sources of Water Pollution····························································· -
87 -
UNIT
13  Chemistry of Wastewater············································································· -
97 -
UNIT
14  Toxicological Effects of Major
Environmental Pollutants: An Overview·············· -
104 -
UNIT
15  Conventional Wastewater Treatment
Process················································· -
113 -
UNIT
16  Biological Wastewater Treatment································································ -
122 -
UNIT
17  Advanced Wastewater Treatment································································ -
135 -
UNIT
18  An Introduction to Water Chemistry in
Freshwater Aquaculture························· -
144 -
UNIT
19  New and Emerging Water Pollutants
Arising from Agriculture···························· -
153 -
Part 4  Solid
Waste and Disposal··············································································· -
162 -
UNIT
20  Sources, Types and Composition of
Solid Wastes············································ -
162 -
UNIT
21  Impact of Municipal and Industrial
Non-Hazardous Waste Landfills on 
Public Health and the Environment: An
Overview·········································· -
172 -
UNIT
22  Hazardous Waste Management·································································· -
180 -
UNIT
23  Waste to Energy······················································································· -
190 -
UNIT
24  Technical Discussion of Plasma
Gasification①················································ -
201 -
Part 5  Noise
Pollution and Soil Pollution·································································· -
210 -
UNIT
25  Assessing and Mitigating Noise
Impacts························································ -
210 -
UNIT
26  Soil Pollution···························································································· -
219 -
Part 6 
Scientific Instruments for Environmental Science·········································· -
227 -
UNIT
27  Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)······················································ -
227 -
UNIT
28  Framework for Ecological Risk
Assessment··················································· -
237 -
UNIT
29  Electrochemical Sensors for
Environmental Monitoring: A Review of Recent 
Technology····························································································· -
252 -
Part 7 
Pollution Prevention······················································································· -
262 -
UNIT
30  Pollution Prevention Concepts and Principles················································· -
262 -
UNIT
31  Green Chemistry and Technology for
Sustainable Development Basic
Principles and Applications········································································· -
273 -
UNIT
32  The Application of Biotechnology to
Industrial Sustainability··························· -
282 -
Reference       - 293

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前　　言

序言
环境专业英语是在大学英语之后，环境专业本科生和研究生所需要掌握的应用型英语，其目的是让学生更多地了解国际环境科学领域的最新研究成果和发展动态，阅读、撰写和发表英文学术论文，参与国际学术交流与合作。
作者从事环境科学翻译20余年，对环境专业英语的价值有比较深刻的认识，在执教环境专业英语的过程中一直在思考：环境专业英语教材应当包含哪些内容？教师该怎么教？学生该怎么学？通过这些年的思考和学生对现有教材的评价及其对未来教材的期望，作者产生了自己编写环境专业英语教材的构想。
作者认为，环境专业英语课程的教学目的主要是两个方面，一是培养和提高学生对英语科技文献快速而系统的阅读能力，二是培养和提高学生对科技文献资料的英汉互译能力（而通常强调的是英语写作能力）。要达成上述目的，必然涉及大量的专业词汇和英语科技文献的语法、句法特点的运用，而专业词汇的积累，语法、句法特点的把握，只有通过大量的阅读和英汉互译，方能收到事半功倍之效。因此，只有学生强化了阅读能力和英汉互译能力，其听说读写译能力会得到全面的提升。

序   言
环境专业英语是在大学英语之后，环境专业本科生和研究生所需要掌握的应用型英语，其目的是让学生更多地了解国际环境科学领域的最新研究成果和发展动态，阅读、撰写和发表英文学术论文，参与国际学术交流与合作。
作者从事环境科学翻译20余年，对环境专业英语的价值有比较深刻的认识，在执教环境专业英语的过程中一直在思考：环境专业英语教材应当包含哪些内容？教师该怎么教？学生该怎么学？通过这些年的思考和学生对现有教材的评价及其对未来教材的期望，作者产生了自己编写环境专业英语教材的构想。
作者认为，环境专业英语课程的教学目的主要是两个方面，一是培养和提高学生对英语科技文献快速而系统的阅读能力，二是培养和提高学生对科技文献资料的英汉互译能力（而通常强调的是英语写作能力）。要达成上述目的，必然涉及大量的专业词汇和英语科技文献的语法、句法特点的运用，而专业词汇的积累，语法、句法特点的把握，只有通过大量的阅读和英汉互译，方能收到事半功倍之效。因此，只有学生强化了阅读能力和英汉互译能力，其听说读写译能力会得到全面的提升。
根据高等学校理工科《英语教学大纲》的要求和作者确定的教学目的，作者在阅读材料的选择中全面考虑了所涉及的单词和主题，并在练习中增加了能够真正检验学生阅读能力的练习题。本书共分7个部分，每个部分分若干单元，共32个单元，每个单元由一篇课文和一篇或多篇阅读材料组成。课文的内容是环境科学的一些基础原理，阅读材料是相应主题的延伸和新技术介绍。根据课文内容，配有相应练习题、注释和词汇表。课文和阅读材料均选自英文原版教材、科技报告、学术著作、专业期刊、国际会议论文集等，涵盖了环境科学与工程专业的相关领域。具体内容如下：
Part 1  介绍环境科学与工程的内涵及产生背景、全球环境问题等。
Part 2  介绍空气污染与控制，包括能源利用及能源效率（空气污染产生的主要原因）、空气污染类型及来源、空气污染影响、空气污染模拟及污染物排放估算方法、传统的和创新的空气污染治理技术等。
Part 3  介绍水污染及控制，包括水污染来源及种类、污水化学、污水中主要污染物的毒性影响、各种污水处理工艺、农业活动中产生的新兴的污染物等。
Part 4  介绍固体废弃物及处理方法，包括固体废物的来源及分类、垃圾填埋场对环境和健康的影响、危险废物管理、固体废物的回收及利用等。
Part 5  介绍噪声污染、土壤污染及控制技术。
Part 6  介绍环境工程中常用的技术手段，包括环境影响评价、生态风险评价及环境监测技术等。
Part 7  介绍污染预防，包括污染预防的基本概念和原则、绿色化学和可持续发展的基本原理以及生物技术的运用等。
本书的编写得到了重庆工商大学教材项目建设的资助，同时也得到了重庆工商大学环境与资源学院领导的大力支持。在编写的过程中，作者参阅了不少有益的资料和书籍，吸取了同行专家的宝贵经验。同时也得到了部分学生的问卷调查支持。谨在此一并表示感谢。
由于环境科学的多学科性，加之作者的水平有限，本书在材料选择上和文字处理上难免有疏漏和不妥之处，恳请读者不吝指教，使本书在使用过程中不断得到完善。
 
 
 
游  霞             
2015年10于重庆工商大学

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在线试读部分章节

Unit2 What is Environmental Engineering?Environmentalengineering isthe integration of sciences and engineering principles to improve the naturalenvironment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation andfor other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites. Environmental engineeringcan also be described as a branch of applied science and technology thataddresses the issue of energy preservation, production asset and control ofwaste from human and animal activities. Furthermore, it is concerned withfinding plausible solutions in the field of public health, such as waterborne diseases, implementing laws whichpromote adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. It involves wastewater management and airpollution control, recycling, wastedisposal, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmentalsustainability, and publichealth issues as well as aknowledge of environmental engineering law. Italso includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed constructionprojects.
Environmental engineersstudy the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, theyconduct studies on hazardous-wastemanagement to evaluate thesignificance of such hazards, advice on treatment and containment, and developregulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design municipal water supply and industrial wastewater treatment systems as well as address localand worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of acid rain,globalwarming, ozone depletion, water pollution and air pollutionfrom automobile exhausts and industrial sources.
At many universities, environmentalengineering programs follow either the department of civilengineering or the department of chemical engineering at engineering faculties. Environmental “civil”engineers focus on hydrology, water resources management, bioremediation, andwater treatment plant design. Environmental “chemical” engineers, on the otherhand, focus on environmental chemistry, advanced air and water treatmenttechnologies and separation processes.
Additionally, engineers aremore frequently obtaining specialized training in law and are utilizing theirtechnical expertise in the practices of environmental engineering law.
Development

<h3 align="center">Unit
2  What is Environmental Engineering?</h3>
Environmental
engineering is
the integration of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciences" title="Sciences">sciences</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> principles to improve the natural
environment, to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation and
for other organisms, and to clean up pollution sites. Environmental engineering
can also be described as a branch of applied science and technology that
addresses the issue of energy preservation, production asset and control of
waste from human and animal activities. Furthermore, it is concerned with
finding plausible solutions in the field of public health, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" title="Waterborne diseases">waterborne diseases</a>, implementing laws which
promote adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreational areas. It involves <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">waste
water management</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air
pollution</a> control, recycling, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_disposal" title="Waste disposal">waste
disposal</a>, radiation protection, industrial hygiene, environmental
sustainability, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public
health</a> issues as well as a
knowledge of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_law" title="Environmental engineering law">environmental engineering law</a>. It
also includes studies on the environmental impact of proposed construction
projects. 
Environmental engineers
study the effect of technological advances on the environment. To do so, they
conduct studies on hazardous-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">waste
management</a> to evaluate the
significance of such hazards, advice on treatment and containment, and develop
regulations to prevent mishaps. Environmental engineers also design <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">municipal water supply</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a> systems as well as address local
and worldwide environmental issues such as the effects of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>,
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming" title="Global warming">global
warming</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>, water pollution and air pollution
from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_emissions_control" title="Automobile emissions control">automobile exhausts</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AP_42_Compilation_of_Air_Pollutant_Emission_Factors" title="AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors">industrial sources</a>.

At many universities, environmental
engineering programs follow either the department of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil
engineering</a> or the department of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> at engineering faculties. Environmental “civil”
engineers focus on hydrology, water resources management, bioremediation, and
water treatment plant design. Environmental “chemical” engineers, on the other
hand, focus on environmental chemistry, advanced air and water treatment
technologies and separation processes. 
Additionally, engineers are
more frequently obtaining specialized training in law and are utilizing their
technical expertise in the practices of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_law" title="Environmental engineering law">environmental engineering law</a>. 
Development
Ever since people first
recognized that their health and well-being were related to the quality of
their environment, they have applied thoughtful principles to attempt to
improve the quality of their environment. The ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappan_civilization" title="Harappan civilization">Harappan civilization</a>① utilized
early sewers in some cities. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Romans
constructed aqueducts</a>②to
prevent drought and to create a clean, healthful water supply for the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolis</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. In the 15th
century, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>③ created
laws restricting the development and degradation of alpine country that
constituted the region’s water supply. 
The field emerged as a
separate environmental discipline during the middle third of the 20th century
in response to widespread public concern about water and pollution and
increasingly extensive environmental quality degradation. However, its roots
extend back to early efforts in public health engineering. Modern environmental
engineering began in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in the mid-19th century when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bazalgette" title="Joseph Bazalgette">Joseph
Bazalgette</a> designed the first
major <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_collection_and_disposal" title="Sewage collection and disposal">sewerage</a> system that reduced the incidence of
waterborne diseases such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a>. The
introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized
countries reduced waterborne diseases from leading causes of death to rarities.

In many cases, as societies
grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for those societies had
longer-term impacts which reduced other environmental qualities. One example is
the widespread application of the pesticide <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> to control agricultural pests in the years
following <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War
II</a>. While the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> benefits were outstanding and crop yields
increased dramatically, thus reducing world hunger substantially, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> was controlled better than it ever had been,
numerous species were brought to the verge of extinction due to the impact of
the DDT on their reproductive cycles. The story of DDT as vividly told in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel
Carson</a>’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent
Spring</a> (1962) is considered to
be the birth of the modern environmental movement and the development of the
modern field of “environmental engineering”.
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">Conservation movements</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> restricting public actions that would harm
the environment have been developed by various societies for millennia. Notable
examples are the laws decreeing the construction of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a> in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_sewerage_system" title="London sewerage system">London</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Sewer_Museum" title="Paris Sewer Museum">Paris</a> in
the 19th century and the creation of the U. S. national park system in the
early 20th century.

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