新托福百日百句百篇（第二册）pdf/txt下载_在线阅读全文

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“新托福百日百句百篇”系列图书起源于文勇老师的微信课堂，本来只是为了敦促几个“不乖”的学生每天都看一点英文，结果学生反响热烈，极力忽悠文勇老师将课堂内容集结成集，*终出版了“新托福百日百句百篇”系列图书。这套书的**版出版了三册（上册、中册、下册），出版后市场反响很好，因此，在售罄后，本打算继续加印，但是文勇老师说，还得往里增加练习题，各种练习题，让这本书不仅有百篇，更要有“百练”，让用这本书的考生，通过100天的学习，真正拥有扎实的基本功，能稳步地提高分数。因此，篇幅大涨，改版后的这套书不得不改成了四册。但是，请相信，书中增加的各种练习，**是文勇老师的诚意之作，其精细程度，让人感动。在这次改版中，还对文章进行了更为细致的修订，保证本书的原汁原味。

内容简介

“新托福百日百句百篇”系列图书分为四册，每册包括25天的内容，本书是第二册，包括的是第26天至第50天的内容。
《新托福百日百句百篇（第二册）》主要分为两大部分：Passage和Sentence。其中，“Passage”部分为整理出炉的*北美机经还原文章，并附有一至两道练习题目，以检验同学们对于文章的理解程度；“Sentence”下设几个小版块，包括需要翻译的英文原文、参考翻译、知识点小结、与该原文相关的阅读题目、汉英翻译练习及其参考翻译、扩充后的中文段落翻译及其相关的托福写作题目记忆勇哥批改学生的翻译练习。

作者简介

刘文勇：博士/教师；北京乐闻携尔教育咨询有限公司创始人；自诩为浑身赘肉、有问必答的热心话唠，教授TOEFL 、SAT、GRE。著/编著/主编有“百日百句百篇”系列图书，“SAT真题详解”系列图书，“赛达真题详解”系列图书，《去美国读本科》，《去美国读研究生》，《100个考点突破SAT II化学》等。

目　　录

Day 26
Passage 26
Sentence 26
Day 27
Passage 27
Sentence 27
Day 28
Passage 28
Sentence 28
Day 29
Passage 29
Sentence 29
Day 30
Passage 30

Day 26 
Passage 26 
Sentence 26 
Day 27 
Passage 27 
Sentence 27 
Day 28 
Passage 28 
Sentence 28 
Day 29 
Passage 29 
Sentence 29 
Day 30 
Passage 30 
Sentence 30 
Day 31 
Passage 31 
Sentence 31 
Day 32 
Passage 32 
Sentence 32 
Day 33 
Passage 33 
Sentence 33 
Day 34 
Passage 34 
Sentence 34 
Day 35 
Passage 35 
Sentence 35 
Day 36 
Passage 36 
Sentence 36 
Day 37 
Passage 37 
Sentence 37 
Day 38 
Passage 38 
Sentence 38 
Day 39 
Passage 39 
Sentence39 
Day 40 
Passage 40 
Sentence 40 
Day 41 
Passage 41 
Sentence 41 
Day 42 
Passage 42 
Sentence 42 
Day 43 
Passage 43 
Sentence 43 
Day 44 
Passage 44 
Sentence 44 
Day 45 
Passage 45 
Sentence 45 
Day 46 
Passage 46 
Sentence 46 
Day 47 
Passage 47 
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Passage26
Tradeand Commerce in the Middle Ages
In ancient times, trading over anysignificant distance was an expensive and risky enterprise. This restricted commercemainly to local markets. However, after a decline following the breakup of theRoman Empire, European commerce expanded gradually to distant countries duringthe Middle Ages. Accompanying such a growth in trade and commerce were theestablishment of guilds and the improvement in monetary systems, which, inturn, further enhanced the trade expansion.

The expansion of trade from the West to theEast was helped along by the Crusades. It was a series of military expeditions,initially carried out for recapturing Christi an holy places in the Middle Eastfrom Islam. These expeditions facilitated the relations with Eastern countries,by developing a taste in the West for their indigenous productions. Theconquest of Palestine, by the Crusaders, first opened all the towns and harborsof the Italian states to Western traders, many of whom were able to permanentlyestablish themselves there, with all sorts of privileges and exemptions fromtaxes. Besides, as the Crusaders traveled through the Eastern lands to reachJerusalem, many new products were introduced to Europe. Trade and commerce inthe Middle Ages changed to include different products, from Cairo andAlexandria in Egypt, Damascus in Syria, Baghdad & Mosul in Iraq, and othergreat cities, which became important commerce and trading centers because oftheir strategic location, astride the trade routes to India, Persia, and theMediterranean. The products were then carried across the Mediterranean to theItalian seaports, and then on to the major towns and cities of Europe.

Passage
26


	Trade
and Commerce in the Middle Ages


	In ancient times, trading over any
significant distance was an expensive and risky enterprise. This restricted commerce
mainly to local markets. However, after a decline following the breakup of the
Roman Empire, European commerce expanded gradually to distant countries during
the Middle Ages. Accompanying such a growth in trade and commerce were the
establishment of guilds and the improvement in monetary systems, which, in
turn, further enhanced the trade expansion.


	


	The expansion of trade from the West to the
East was helped along by the Crusades. It was a series of military expeditions,
initially carried out for recapturing Christi an holy places in the Middle East
from Islam. These expeditions facilitated the relations with Eastern countries,
by developing a taste in the West for their indigenous productions. The
conquest of Palestine, by the Crusaders, first opened all the towns and harbors
of the Italian states to Western traders, many of whom were able to permanently
establish themselves there, with all sorts of privileges and exemptions from
taxes. Besides, as the Crusaders traveled through the Eastern lands to reach
Jerusalem, many new products were introduced to Europe. Trade and commerce in
the Middle Ages changed to include different products, from Cairo and
Alexandria in Egypt, Damascus in Syria, Baghdad & Mosul in Iraq, and other
great cities, which became important commerce and trading centers because of
their strategic location, astride the trade routes to India, Persia, and the
Mediterranean. The products were then carried across the Mediterranean to the
Italian seaports, and then on to the major towns and cities of Europe.


	


	Other improvements to the Middle Ages trade
and commerce were also made by enhancing security. As a consequence of the
growth, both, of commerce and of urban communities, guilds began to come into
being on the European continent in the 11th century, and in England, after the
Norman Conquest. Merchants traveled from market to market in foreign countries,
and, for the sake of mutual protection, a group of merchants from the same city
often banded together in a caravan. The members of a caravan elected a leader,
and made rules that they pledged to obey. The name for such a caravan was Gilde
or Hansa in the Germanic countries of Europe. In countries speaking languages
derived from Latin, the term was caritas or fraternity as. Under the leadership
of such guilds, the coasts were protected from piratical incursions, and
lighthouses were erected at dangerous points to prevent shipwrecks. Besides,
the members are obliged to stand by each other in legal disputes, in which any
might engage. In this way, treaties of commerce with foreign nations, including
even the most distant, were able to guarantee the liberty and security of
traders abroad. As commerce and trade, especially long-distance trade, became
safer and more general, the expansion of trade advanced further.


	Before the collapse of the Roman Empire,
urban centers in Europe once prospered, and many monetary systems were
established. For example, through the banning of private or unauthorized
minting, the first important standardization of sizes, weights, and values of
coins was inaugurated under the Roman Empire. The banking system was so highly
developed that its bankers could accept deposits of money, make loans, and
purchase mortgages. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, however, the
minting again went into chaos and the banking system also declined. Yet, by the
beginning of the 11th century, trade revived and towns began a three-century
growth spurt. The coinage and banking activities also began to resume. In 1252,
the city of Florence minted the first gold coins since Roman times—the golden
florin. And with the revival of banking in the 13th century, the moneychangers
of the Italian states developed facilities for exchanging local and foreign
currency. Soon, merchants demanded other services, such as lending money, and,
gradually, banking services were expanded. The revival and development of the
banking system, not only facilitated distant trade, but also provided the merchants
with more capital they need to extend their business.


	——2012年5月26日北美机经


	The word “their” in Paragraph 2 refers to .


	A. Western countries


	B. Crusades


	C. expeditions


	D. Eastern countries


	


	核心词汇：


	…………


	


	词汇练习：


	阅读下列句子，用所给单词（或词组）的正确形式填空：


	security
resume restrict prosper privilege permanently
mutual indigenous facilitate extend
expedition conquest
enhance decline
expand consequence


	1.
This can be seen clearly in the
changes that affected Venetian shipping and trade. (TPO-25: The Decline of
Venetian Shipping)


	2.
From a practical aspect this protected the figures against breakage and
psychologically gives the images a sense of strength and power, usually by a supporting back pillar. (TPO-11:
Ancient Egyptian Sculpture)


	3.
These were essentially professional associations that provided for the aid and protection of their members, and
allowed for the maintenance of professional standards. (TPO-16: Trade and the
Ancient Middle East)


	4.
Contrary to the arguments of some that much of the pacific was settled by
Polynesians accidentally marooned after being lost and adrift, it seems
reasonable that this feat was accomplished by deliberate colonization that set out fully stocked with food and
domesticated plants and animals. (TPO-5: The Origin of the Pacific Island
People)


	


	…………


	


	参考答案：


	1.
decline 2. enhanced 3. mutual
4. expeditions 5. restricted 6.
indigenous 7. conquest 8. permanently 9. privileges 10. security 11.
expanded 12. consequence13. prospered 14. resume 15. facilitated 16. Extend


	


	Sentence
26


	英文原文：


	Missing until recently were fossils clearly
intermediate, or transitional, between land mammals and cetaceans.


	OG
Practice Set 1: The Origins of Cetaceans


	本题全文及相应译文见免费共享资料“黄金阅读”


	小试身手：


	


	


	


	参考翻译：


	（那些）明确地（处在）陆生哺乳动物与鲸目动物中间（阶段）及过渡（阶段）的化石一直都是找不到的，直到最近（才被发现）。


	


	知识点小结：


	1. 生词释义：


	intermediate n. 中间物；调停者；中级


	adj. 中间的；中级的


	vi. 起媒介作用


	cetacean adj. 鲸目的；鲸鱼的


	 n. 鲸目动物；鲸鱼


	2. 知识点释义：


	这句话如果倒过来读，就变成了“<s

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