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　　The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by MarkTwain, is part of the Barnes NobleClassics series, which offers quality editions ataffordable prices to the student and the general reader, includingnew scholarship, thoughtful design, and pages of carefully craftedextras. Here are some of the remarkable features of Barnes Noble Classics:
New introductions commissioned from today's top writers andscholars Biographies of the authors Chronologies of contemporaryhistorical, biographical, and cultural events Footnotes andendnotes Selective discussions of imitations, parodies, poems,books, plays, paintings, operas, statuary, and films inspired bythe work Comments by other famous authors Study questions tochallenge the reader's viewpoints and expectations Bibliographiesfor further reading Indices Glossaries, when appropriateAlleditions are beautifully designed and are printed to superiorspecifications; some include illustrations of historical interest.Barnes Noble Classics pulls together a constellationof influences—biographical, historical, and literary—to enrich eachreader's understanding of these enduring works.

<div>　　The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, by Mark
Twain, is part of the Barnes & Noble
Classics series, which offers quality editions at
affordable prices to the student and the general reader, including
new scholarship, thoughtful design, and pages of carefully crafted
extras. Here are some of the remarkable features of Barnes
& Noble Classics: 
<div>New introductions commissioned from today's top writers and
scholars Biographies of the authors Chronologies of contemporary
historical, biographical, and cultural events Footnotes and
endnotes Selective discussions of imitations, parodies, poems,
books, plays, paintings, operas, statuary, and films inspired by
the work Comments by other famous authors Study questions to
challenge the reader's viewpoints and expectations Bibliographies
for further reading Indices & Glossaries, when appropriateAll
editions are beautifully designed and are printed to superior
specifications; some include illustrations of historical interest.
Barnes & Noble Classics pulls together a constellation
of influences—biographical, historical, and literary—to enrich each
reader's understanding of these enduring works.</div>
</div>
 　　erhaps the best-loved nineteenth-century American novel,
Mark Twain’s tale of boyhood adventure overflows
with comedy, warmth, and slapstick energy. It brings to life an
array of irresistible characters—the awesomely self-confident Tom,
his best buddy Huck Finn, indulgent Aunt Polly, and the lovely,
beguiling Becky—as well as such unforgettable incidents as
whitewashing a fence, swearing an oath in blood, and getting lost
in a dark and labyrinthine cave. Below Tom Sawyer’s sunny surface
lurk hints of a darker reality, of youthful innocence and na?veté
confronting the cruelty, hypocrisy, and foolishness of the adult
world—a theme that would become more pronounced in Twain’s
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Despite such suggestions,
Tom Sawyer remains Twain’s joyful ode to the endless possibilities
of childhood. 
　　H. Daniel Peck is John Guy Vassar Professor of
English at Vassar College and is the author of Thoreau’s
Morning Work and A World by Itself: The Pastoral Moment in
Cooper’s Fiction.

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目　　录

The World of Mark Twain and
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Introduction by H. Daniel Peck
THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER
Endnotes
Inspired by The Adventures of Tom Sawyer
Comments & Questions
For Further Reading

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　　The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is Mark Twain's"other" book, the one, it is said, that prepared the way for hismasterpiece, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and in which the heroof that work was born as a secondary figure. There is much truth inthis formulation. Huck Finn is indeed Twain's masterpiece, perhapshis only great novel. In directly engaging slavery, it farsurpasses the moral depth of Tom Sawyer, and its brilliantfirst-person narration as well as its journey structure elevate itstylistically above the somewhat fragmentary and anecdotal TomSawyer. Yet it is important to understand Tom Sawyer in its ownterms, and not just as a run-up to Huck Finn. It was, after all,Mark Twain's best-selling novel during much of the twentiethcentury; and it has always had a vast international following.People who have never actually read the novel know its memorableepisodes, such as the fence whitewashing scene, and itscharacters—Tom foremost among them—who have entered into nationalfolklore. The appeal of Tom Sawyer is enduring, and it will be ourpurpose here to try to locate some of the sources of thatappeal.
　　TheAdventures of Tom Sawyer was Mark Twain's first novel (the first heauthored by himself), but it is hardly the work of an apprenticewriter. By the time this book was published in 1876, Samuel L.Clemens was already well known by his pen name Mark Twain, which hehad adopted in 1863 while working as a reporter in Nevada. At thetime of the novel's publication, he was in his early forties andbeginning to live in an architect-designed home in Hartford,Connecticut. He had been married to his wife, Olivia, for sixyears, and two of his three daughters had beenborn.
　　Upto this point, Twain had been known as a journalist, humorist, andsocial critic. His story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of CalaverasCounty," first published in 1865, had made him famous, and thelecture tours he had given in the United States and England inthese years had been well received. His books The Innocents Abroad(1869), which satirizes an American sightseeing tour of the MiddleEast that he covered for a newspaper, and Roughing It (1872), anaccount of the far west based on his own experiences there, weregreat successes. Both works were first published in subscriptionform, and they quickly advanced Twain's reputation as a popularwriter. His publication in 1873 of The Gilded Age, a bookcoauthored with Charles Dudley Warner dramatizing the excesses ofthe post-Civil War period, confirmed his place as a leading socialcritic.

The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is Mark Twain's
"other" book, the one, it is said, that prepared the way for his
masterpiece, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and in which the hero
of that work was born as a secondary figure. There is much truth in
this formulation. Huck Finn is indeed Twain's masterpiece, perhaps
his only great novel. In directly engaging slavery, it far
surpasses the moral depth of Tom Sawyer, and its brilliant
first-person narration as well as its journey structure elevate it
stylistically above the somewhat fragmentary and anecdotal Tom
Sawyer. Yet it is important to understand Tom Sawyer in its own
terms, and not just as a run-up to Huck Finn. It was, after all,
Mark Twain's best-selling novel during much of the twentieth
century; and it has always had a vast international following.
People who have never actually read the novel know its memorable
episodes, such as the fence whitewashing scene, and its
characters—Tom foremost among them—who have entered into national
folklore. The appeal of Tom Sawyer is enduring, and it will be our
purpose here to try to locate some of the sources of that
appeal.

　　The
Adventures of Tom Sawyer was Mark Twain's first novel (the first he
authored by himself), but it is hardly the work of an apprentice
writer. By the time this book was published in 1876, Samuel L.
Clemens was already well known by his pen name Mark Twain, which he
had adopted in 1863 while working as a reporter in Nevada. At the
time of the novel's publication, he was in his early forties and
beginning to live in an architect-designed home in Hartford,
Connecticut. He had been married to his wife, Olivia, for six
years, and two of his three daughters had been
born.

　　Up
to this point, Twain had been known as a journalist, humorist, and
social critic. His story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras
County," first published in 1865, had made him famous, and the
lecture tours he had given in the United States and England in
these years had been well received. His books The Innocents Abroad
(1869), which satirizes an American sightseeing tour of the Middle
East that he covered for a newspaper, and Roughing It (1872), an
account of the far west based on his own experiences there, were
great successes. Both works were first published in subscription
form, and they quickly advanced Twain's reputation as a popular
writer. His publication in 1873 of The Gilded Age, a book
coauthored with Charles Dudley Warner dramatizing the excesses of
the post-Civil War period, confirmed his place as a leading social
critic.

　　Indeed, the America reflected in The Gilded Age—an America of
greed, corruption, and materialism—may have driven Twain back
imaginatively to what seemed to him a simpler time—to "those old
simple days", as he refers to them in the concluding chapter of Tom
Sawyer. The first significant sign of such a return in his
publications was his nostalgic essay "Old Times on the
Mississippi," which appeared in 1875.3 The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer, published the following year, belongs to this return to
antebellum America, and to the scene of Twain's growing
up—Hannibal, Missouri. That the author was able to draw upon his
deepest reserves of childhood imagination in this work certainly
accounts for much of its appeal. A decade after its publication, he
referred to the novel as a "hymn" to a forgotten era,4 and while
this characterization oversimplifies The Adventures of Tom Sawyer,
it also points to key aspects of its composition and literary
character.

　　In
the novel, Twain renames Hannibal as St. Petersburg, thus
suggesting, as John C. Gerber has said, St. Peter's place, or
heaven.5 But heaven, as Twain depicts it, is a real place. Many of
the sites and topographical features are identifiable. Cardiff
Hill, so important in the novel as a setting for children's games
such as Robin Hood, is Holliday's Hill of Hannibal. Jackson's
Island, the scene of the boys' life as "pirates," is recognizable
as Glasscock's Island. And McDougal's Cave, so central to the
closing movement of the novel, has a real-life reference in
McDowell's cave. Human structures, like Aunt Polly's house, as well
as the schoolhouse and the church, were similarly modeled after
identifiable buildings in Hannibal.

　　The
autobiographical origins of the novel are also evident in the
characters. In the preface, Twain says that "Huck Finn is drawn
from life" (in part from a childhood friend named Tom Blankenship),
and "Tom Sawyer also, but not from an individual—he is a
combination of the characteristics of three boys whom I knew."
Schoolmates John Briggs and Will Bowen probably were two of the
three boys after whom Tom was modeled, and a good bet for the third
is young Sam Clemens himself. Many of Tom's qualities resemble
Twain's descriptions of his young self, and several of Tom's
experiences—such as being forced by Aunt Polly to take the
Painkiller and sitz baths—reflect the author's own. Aunt Polly
herself has several characteristics that link her to Sam Clemens's
mother, Jane Clemens. And scholars have found Hannibal counterparts
for many of the other characters, including Becky Thatcher, Joe
Harper, and Ben Rogers, as well as the widow Douglas and the town's
minister, schoolteacher, and doctor.

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